.\" $NetBSD: installboot.8,v 1.105.2.1 2024/06/22 10:57:10 martin Exp $ .\" .\" Copyright (c) 2002-2023 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation .\" by Luke Mewburn of Wasabi Systems. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS .\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED .\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR .\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS .\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR .\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF .\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS .\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN .\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) .\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE .\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. .\" . .\" Prevent accidental hyphenation after the hyphen in "U-Boot" .\" Usage: \*(UB .ds UB U\(hyBoot . .Dd May 19, 2024 .Dt INSTALLBOOT 8 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm installboot .Nd install disk bootstrap software . .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm .Op Fl fnv .Op Fl B Ar s2bno .Op Fl b Ar s1bno .Op Fl m Ar machine .Op Fl o Ar options .Op Fl t Ar fstype .Op Fl u Ar U-Boot-paths .Ar filesystem .Ar primary .Op Ar secondary .Nm .Fl c .Op Fl fnv .Op Fl m Ar machine .Op Fl o Ar options .Op Fl t Ar fstype .Ar filesystem .Nm .Fl e .Op Fl fnv .Op Fl m Ar machine .Op Fl o Ar options .Ar bootstrap . .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm utility installs and removes .Nx disk bootstrap software into a file system. .Nm can install .Ar primary into .Ar filesystem , or disable an existing bootstrap in .Ar filesystem . .Ss Traditional NetBSD boot Generally, .Nx disk bootstrap software consists of two parts: a .Dq primary bootstrap program usually written into the disklabel area of the file system by .Nm , and a .Dq secondary bootstrap program that usually resides as an ordinary file in the file system. .Pp When booting, the primary bootstrap program is loaded and invoked by the machine's .Tn PROM or .Tn BIOS . After receiving control of the system it loads and runs the secondary bootstrap program, which in turn loads and runs the kernel. The secondary bootstrap may allow control over various boot parameters passed to the kernel. .Pp Perform the following steps to make a file system bootable: .Bl -enum .It Copy the secondary bootstrap .Po usually .Pa /usr/mdec/boot. Ns Aq Ar MACHINE\^ or .Pa /usr/mdec/boot .Pc to the root directory of the target file system. . .It Use .Nm to install the primary bootstrap program .Po usually .Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_ Ns Aq Ar FSTYPE\^ .Pc into .Ar filesystem . .Pp The following platforms do not require this step if the primary bootstrap already exists and the secondary bootstrap file is just being updated: .Sy alpha , .Sy amd64 , .Sy amiga , .Sy i386 , .Sy pmax , .Sy sparc64 , and .Sy vax . .Pp The following platform does not require the first step since a single bootstrap file is used. The single bootstrap is installed like the primary bootstrap on other platforms: .Sy next68k . .El .Pp On some architectures the options of an existing installed bootstrap, or those of a bootstrap file can be changed. Installing a new primary bootstrap will reset those options to default values. .Ss Embedded board types Some platforms, typically embedded system platforms, are umbrella platforms that support many different individual board types, each with their own boot loader binary and installation procedure requirements. On these platforms, it may be necessary to provide specific board type information to .Nm . Information about known boards and their requirements is loaded from a database at run-time. Sometimes these platforms also require the use of 3rd-party boot loader software, such as \*(UB. To support these platforms, .Nm scans known locations for these 3rd-party boot loader packages for database overlays that contain additional board-specific boot loader installation information in a file called .Pa installboot.plist . .Pp The following platforms have this requirement and utilize this database overlay feature: .Sy evbarm . .Ss UEFI boot On platforms that boot with .Tn UEFI , there is a single boot loader in the .Tn EFI system partition at .Pa EFI/boot/boot Ns Ao Ar ARCH\^ Ac Ns Pa .efi where .Ar ARCH is the .Tn UEFI name for the architecture, such as .Li ia32 .Pq Nx Ns /i386 , .Li x64 .Pq Nx Ns /amd64 , or .Li aa64 .Pq Nx Ns /aarch64 . .Pp .Nm is not needed for .Tn UEFI boot. However, it may be used on a platform that supports .Tn UEFI boot to make a hybrid image that can be booted .Em either with .Tn UEFI boot or with, e.g., .Tn BIOS or \*(UB. Hybrid images may also require a special .Tn GPT for .Tn BIOS boot; see .Xr gpt 8 . .Ss Options The options and arguments recognized by .Nm are as follows: . .Bl -tag -width Fl . .It Fl B Ar s2bno When hard-coding the blocks of .Ar secondary into .Ar primary , start from block .Ar s2bno instead of trying to determine the block numbers occupied by .Ar secondary by examining .Ar filesystem . If this option is supplied, .Ar secondary should refer to an actual secondary bootstrap .Po rather than the file name of the one present in .Ar filesystem .Pc so that its size can be determined. . .It Fl b Ar s1bno Install .Ar primary at block number .Ar s1bno instead of the default location for the machine and file system type. .Sy [ alpha , .Sy i386/amd64 .Po .Pa bootxx_fat16 only .Pc , .Sy pmax , .Sy vax ] . .It Fl c Clear (remove) any existing bootstrap instead of installing one. . .It Fl e Edit the options of an existing bootstrap. This can be used to change the options in .Pa bootxx_ Ns Aq Ar FSTYPE\^ files, raw disk partitions, and the .Pa pxeboot_ia32.bin file. With .Fl v and without .Fl o , show the current options. .Sy [ amd64 , i386 ] . .It Fl f Forces .Nm to ignore some errors. . .It Fl m Ar machine Use .Ar machine as the target machine type. The default machine is determined from .Xr uname 3 and then .Ev MACHINE environment variable. The following machines are currently supported: .Bd -ragged -offset indent .Ic alpha , .Ic amd64 , .Ic amiga , .Ic evbarm , .Ic ews4800mips , .Ic hp300 , .Ic hppa , .Ic i386 , .Ic landisk , .Ic macppc , .Ic news68k , .Ic newsmips , .Ic next68k , .Ic pmax , .Ic sparc , .Ic sparc64 , .Ic sun2 , .Ic sun3 , .Ic vax , .Ic x68k .Ed . . .It Fl n Do not write to .Ar filesystem . . .It Fl o Ar options Machine specific .Nm options, comma separated. .Pp Supported options are .Pq with the machines for they are valid in brackets : . .Bl -tag -width Ic . .It Ic alphasum .Sy [ alpha ] Recalculate and restore the Alpha checksum. This is the default for .Nx Ns /alpha . . .It Ic append .Sy [ alpha , .Sy pmax , .Sy vax ] Append .Ar primary to the end of .Ar filesystem , which must be a regular file in this case. . .It Ic board Ns Op Ns Li = Ns Ar type .Sy [ evbarm ] Specify the board type used to determine the correct boot loader image and installation procedure. If omitted, .Nm will attempt to guess the board type based on system information if run natively. . .It Ic bootconf .Sy [ amd64 , .Sy i386 ] (Don't) read a .Pa boot.cfg file. . .It Ic command Ns Li = Ns Ar commandline .Sy [ amiga ] Modify the default boot command line. . .It Ic console Ns Li = Ns Ar name .Sy [ amd64 , .Sy i386 ] Set the console device. .Ar name must be one of: .Ic pc , .Ic com0 , .Ic com1 , .Ic com2 , .Ic com3 , .Ic com0kbd , .Ic com1kbd , .Ic com2kbd , .Ic com3kbd , or .Ic auto . . .It Ic dtb Ns Li = Ns Ar dtbfile .Sy [ evbarm ] Attempt to determine the board type from information in the device tree blob file at .Ar dtbfile . If both .Ic board and .Ic dtb options are specified, .Ic board takes precendence. . .It Ic ioaddr Ns Li = Ns Ar ioaddr .Sy [ amd64 , .Sy i386 ] Set the IO address to be used for the console serial port. Defaults to the IO address used by the system .Tn BIOS for the specified port. . .It Ic keymap Ns Li = Ns Ar keymap .Sy [ amd64 , .Sy i386 ] Set a boot time keyboard translation map. Each character in .Ar keymap will be replaced by the one following it. For example, an argument of .Li zyz would swap the lowercase letters .Aq y and .Aq z . . .It Ic media Ns Li = Ns Ar type .Sy [ evbarm ] Some boards require a different boot loader binary and/or installation procedure depending on what type of media will be used to boot the system. For such boards, this option is required, and omitting it will display a usage message that lists the valid media types for the board. For boards that do not require special media handling, this option is not allowed. Common values: .Ic sdmmc , .Ic emmc , .Ic usb . . .It Ic modules .Sy [ amd64 , .Sy i386 ] (Don't) load kernel modules. . .It Ic password Ns Li = Ns Ar password .Sy [ amd64 , .Sy i386 ] Set the password which must be entered before the boot menu can be accessed. . .It Ic resetvideo .Sy [ amd64 , .Sy i386 ] Reset the video before booting. . .It Ic speed Ns Li = Ns Ar baud .Sy [ amd64 , .Sy i386 ] Set the baud rate for the serial console. If a value of zero is specified, then the current baud rate (set by the .Tn BIOS ) will be used. . .It Ic sunsum .Sy [ alpha , .Sy pmax , .Sy vax ] Recalculate and restore the Sun and .Nx Ns /sparc compatible checksum. .Em Note : The existing .Nx Ns /sparc disklabel should use no more than 4 partitions. . .It Ic timeout Ns Li = Ns Ar seconds .Sy [ amd64 , .Sy i386 ] Set the timeout before the automatic boot begins to the given number of seconds. .El . .It Fl t Ar fstype Use .Ar fstype as the type of .Ar filesystem . The default operation is to attempt to auto-detect this setting. The following file system types are currently supported by: . .Bl -tag -width Ic . .It Ic ffs .Bx Fast File System. . .It Ic raid Mirrored RAIDframe File System. . .It Ic cd9660 ISO 9660 File System. . .It Ic raw .Dq Raw image. .Em Note : if a platform needs to hard-code the block offset of the secondary bootstrap, it cannot be searched for on this file system type, and must be provided with .Fl B Ar s2bno . .El . .It Fl u Ar U-Boot-paths .Ar U-Boot-paths is a colon-separated list of search paths to scan for \*(UB packages with .Nm installation overlays. If multiple overlays are found, overlays from paths closer to the front of the list take precedence. If not specified, environment variable .Ev INSTALLBOOT_UBOOT_PATHS is used if defined; otherwise, the default path is .Pa /usr/pkg/share/u-boot . This option is only used on platforms that support using \*(UB. . .It Fl v Verbose operation. . .It Ar filesystem The path name of the device or file system image that .Nm is to operate on. It is not necessary for .Ar filesystem to be a currently mounted file system. . .It Ar primary The path name of the .Dq primary boot block to install. The path name must refer to a file in a file system that is currently mounted. . .It Ar secondary The path name of the .Dq secondary boot block, relative to the root of the file system in the device or image specified by the .Ar filesystem argument. Note that this may refer to a file in a file system that is not mounted. Most systems require .Ar secondary to be in the .Dq root directory of the file system, so the leading .Ql / is not necessary on .Ar secondary . .Pp Only certain combinations of platform .Pq Fl m Ar machine and file system type .Pq Fl t Ar fstype require that the name of the secondary bootstrap is supplied as .Ar secondary , so that information such as the disk block numbers occupied by the secondary bootstrap can be stored in the primary bootstrap. These are: .Bl -column "Platform" "File systems" -offset indent .It Sy "Platform" Ta Sy "File systems" .It macppc Ta ffs, raw .It news68k Ta ffs, raw .It newsmips Ta ffs, raw .It sparc Ta ffs, raid, raw .It sun2 Ta ffs, raw .It sun3 Ta ffs, raw .El .El . .Sh ENVIRONMENT .Bl -tag -width Ev . .It Ev INSTALLBOOT_UBOOT_PATHS A colon-separated list of search paths to scan for \*(UB packages with .Nm installation overlays. If multiple overlays are found, overlays from paths closer to the front of the list take precedence. If not specified, the default path is .Pa /usr/pkg/share/u-boot . This environment variable is only used on platforms that support using \*(UB. . .It Ev MACHINE Default value for .Ar machine , overriding the result from .Xr uname 3 . . .El . .Sh FILES Most .Nx ports will contain variations of the following files: .Bl -tag -width Pa . .It Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_ Ns Aq Ar FSTYPE\^ Primary bootstrap for file system type .Ar FSTYPE . Installed into the bootstrap area of the file system by .Nm . . .It Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_fat16 Primary bootstrap for .Tn MS-DOS .Sy FAT16 file systems. This differs from .Pa bootxx_msdos in that it doesn't require the filesystem to have been initialised with any .Dq reserved sectors . It also uses the information in the .Dq Boot Parameter Block to get the media and filesystem properties. The .Dq hidden sectors field of the .Tn BPB must be the offset of the partition in the disk. This can be set using the .Fl b Ar s1bno option. . .It Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffsv1 Primary bootstrap for .Sy FFSv1 file systems .Po the .Dq traditional file system prior to .Nx 6.0 .Pc . Use .Xr dumpfs 8 to confirm the file system format is FFSv1. . .It Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffsv2 Primary bootstrap for .Sy FFSv2 file systems .Po the default file system for some platforms as of .Nx 6.0 .Pc . Use .Xr dumpfs 8 to confirm the file system format is FFSv2. . .It Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_lfsv1 Primary bootstrap for .Sy LFSv1 file systems. . .It Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_lfsv2 Primary bootstrap for .Sy LFSv2 file systems .Pq the default Tn LFS version . . .It Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_msdos Primary bootstrap for .Tn MS-DOS .Sy FAT file systems. . .It Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_ustarfs Primary bootstrap for .Sy TARFS boot images. This is used by various install media. . .It Pa /usr/mdec/boot. Ns Aq Ar MACHINE\^ Secondary bootstrap for machine type .Ar MACHINE . This should be installed into the file system before .Nm is run. . .It Pa /usr/mdec/boot Synonym for .Pa /usr/mdec/boot. Ns Aq Ar MACHINE\^ . .It Pa /boot. Ns Aq Ar MACHINE\^ Installed copy of secondary bootstrap for machine type .Ar MACHINE . . .It Pa /boot Installed copy of secondary bootstrap. Searched for by the primary bootstrap if .Pa /boot. Ns Aq Ar MACHINE\^ is not found. . .El . .Ss NetBSD/evbarm files The .Nx Ns /evbarm platform covers a wide variety of board types, many of which use \*(UB. Running .Nm with no options will display a list of known boards. Using the verbose option will also display information about which \*(UB package needs to be installed to support that board, and if the required \*(UB package is installed, the path at which it is located. .Bl -tag -width Pa .It Pa /usr/pkg/share/u-boot The default location scanned for \*(UB packages with installation overlays. .It Pa /usr/share/installboot/evbarm/boards.plist Base board database, used to provide information about which \*(UB package is required for a given board. .El . .Ss NetBSD/evbmips files . The .Nx Ns /evbmips bootstrap files currently only apply to the .Tn SBMIPS kernels for the SiByte/Broadcom .Tn BCM1250 and .Tn BCM1480 CPUs. .Bl -tag -width Pa . .It Pa /usr/mdec/sbmips/boot .Nx Ns /evbmips secondary bootstrap for FFSv1, FFSv2, LFSv1, and LFSv2. .It Pa /usr/mdec/sbmips/bootxx_cd9660 .Tn SBMIPS primary bootstrap for ISO 9660 file system. .It Pa /usr/mdec/sbmips/bootxx_ffs .Tn SBMIPS primary bootstrap for FFSv1 and FFSv2 file system. .It Pa /usr/mdec/sbmips/bootxx_lfs .Tn SBMIPS primary bootstrap for LFSv1 and LFSv2 file system. .It Pa /usr/mdec/sbmips/netboot .Tn SBMIPS primary bootstrap for network root. .Pp Note that .Nm does not currently support evbmips directly. . .El . .Ss NetBSD/hppa files . .Bl -tag -width Pa . .It Pa /usr/mdec/xxboot .Nx Ns /hppa primary bootstrap for FFSv1, FFSv2, LFSv1, and LFSv2. .It Pa /usr/mdec/cdboot .Nx Ns /hppa primary bootstrap for ISO 9660 file system. .It Pa /usr/mdec/sdboot Synonym for .Pa /usr/mdec/xxboot . .El . .Ss NetBSD/macppc files . .Bl -tag -width Pa . .It Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx .Nx Ns /macppc primary bootstrap. . .It Pa /usr/mdec/ofwboot .Nx Ns /macppc secondary bootstrap. . .It Pa /ofwboot Installed copy of .Nx Ns /macppc secondary bootstrap. . .El . .Ss NetBSD/next68k files . .Bl -tag -width Pa . .It Pa /usr/mdec/boot .Nx Ns /next68k bootstrap. . .El . .Ss NetBSD/sparc64 files . .Bl -tag -width Pa . .It Pa /usr/mdec/bootblk .Nx Ns /sparc64 primary bootstrap. . .It Pa /usr/mdec/ofwboot .Nx Ns /sparc64 secondary bootstrap. . .It Pa /ofwboot Installed copy of .Nx Ns /sparc64 secondary bootstrap. . .El . .Sh EXAMPLES . .Ss Common Verbosely install the Berkeley Fast File System primary bootstrap on to disk .Ql sd0 : .Pp .Dl installboot -v /dev/rsd0c /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffs .Pp Note: the .Dq whole disk partition .Po .Ql c on some ports, .Ql d on others .Pc is used here, since the .Ql a partition probably is already opened .Po mounted as .Pa / .Pc , so .Nm would not be able to access it. .Pp Remove the primary bootstrap from disk .Ql sd1 : .Pp .Dl installboot -c /dev/rsd1c . .Ss NetBSD/amiga Modify the command line to change the default from .Ql "netbsd -ASn2" to .Ql "netbsd -S" : .Bd -literal -offset indent installboot -m amiga -o command="netbsd -S" /dev/rsd0a \e /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffsv1 .Ed . .Ss NetBSD/evbarm Install the \*(UB boot loader for a Pinebook into an image that will be written to an .Tn SDMMC card: .Pp .Dl installboot -m evbarm -o board=pine64,pinebook arm64.img .Pp Install/update the \*(UB boot loader for the current running system on the .Tn eMMC device .Ql ld0 and display verbose information about the procedure: .Pp .Dl installboot -v /dev/rld0c .Pp Install a specific \*(UB package for a BeagleBone Black into an image that will be written to an .Tn SDMMC card: .Bd -literal -offset indent installboot -m evbarm -o board=ti,am335x-bone-black armv7.img \e /path/to/experimental/u-boot/package .Ed . .Ss NetBSD/ews4800mips Install the System V Boot File System primary bootstrap on to disk .Ql sd0 , with the secondary bootstrap .Pa /boot already present in the SysVBFS partition on the disk: .Pp .Dl installboot /dev/rsd0p /usr/mdec/bootxx_bfs .Pp .Bd -ragged -offset indent-two -compact .Em Note : On .Nx Ns /ews4800mips the .Ql p partition is the .Dq whole disk .Pq i.e., raw partition. .Ed . .Ss NetBSD/i386 and NetBSD/amd64 Install new boot blocks on an existing FFSv2 mounted root file system on .Ql wd0 , setting the timeout to five seconds, after installing an .Tn MBR bootcode and copying a new secondary bootstrap: .Pp .Dl fdisk -c /usr/mdec/mbr /dev/rwd0d .Pp .Bd -ragged -offset indent-two -compact .Em Note : See .Xr fdisk 8 and .Xr x86/mbr 8 for more details. .Ed .Pp .Dl cp /usr/mdec/boot /boot .Dl installboot -v -o timeout=5 /dev/rwd0a /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffsv2 .Pp .Bd -ragged -offset indent-two -compact .Em Note : Pre .Nx 6.0 systems used FFSv1 file systems on these platforms; double check with .Xr dumpfs 8 to be sure to use the correct secondary bootstrap. .Ed .Pp Create a bootable .Tn CD-ROM with an ISO 9660 file system for an i386 system with a serial console: .Bd -literal -offset indent mkdir cdrom cp sys/arch/i386/compile/mykernel/netbsd cdrom/netbsd cp /usr/mdec/boot cdrom/boot cp /usr/mdec/bootxx_cd9660 bootxx installboot -o console=com0,speed=19200 -m i386 -e bootxx makefs -t cd9660 -o 'bootimage=i386;bootxx,no-emul-boot' boot.iso \e cdrom .Ed . .Pp Create a bootable floppy disk with an FFSv1 file system for a small custom kernel (note: bigger kernels needing multiple disks are handled with the ustarfs file system): .Pp .Dl newfs -s 1440k /dev/rfd0a .Pp .Bd -ragged -offset indent-two -compact .Em Note : Ignore the warnings that .Xr newfs 8 displays; it can not write a disklabel, which is not a problem for a floppy disk. .Ed . .Bd -literal -offset indent mount /dev/fd0a /mnt cp /usr/mdec/boot /mnt/boot gzip -9 < sys/arch/i386/compile/mykernel/netbsd > /mnt/netbsd.gz umount /mnt installboot -v /dev/rfd0a /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffsv1 .Ed . .Pp Create a bootable .Tn FAT file system on .Ql wd1a , which should have the same offset and size as a .Tn FAT primary partition in the Master Boot Record .Tn ( MBR ) : .Pp .Dl newfs_msdos -r 16 /dev/rwd1a .Pp .Bd -ragged -offset indent-two -compact .Em Notes : The .Fl r Ic 16 is to reserve space for the primary bootstrap. .Xr newfs_msdos 8 will display an .Dq Tn MBR type such as .Ql 1 , .Ql 4 , or .Ql 6 ; the .Tn MBR partition type of the appropriate primary partition should be changed to this value. .Ed . .Bd -literal -offset indent mount -t msdos /dev/wd1a /mnt cp /usr/mdec/boot /mnt/boot cp path/to/kernel /mnt/netbsd umount /mnt installboot -t raw /dev/rwd1a /usr/mdec/bootxx_msdos .Ed .Pp Make the existing .Tn FAT16 filesystem on .Ql sd0e bootable. This can be used to make .Tn USB memory bootable provided it has 512 byte sectors and that the manufacturer correctly initialised the file system. .Bd -literal -offset indent mount -t msdos /dev/sd0e /mnt cp /usr/mdec/boot /mnt/boot cp path/to/kernel /mnt/netbsd umount /mnt installboot /dev/rsd0e /usr/mdec/bootxx_fat16 .Ed .Pp It may also be necessary to use .Xr fdisk 8 to make the device itself bootable. . .Pp Switch the existing installed bootstrap to use a serial console without reinstalling or altering other options such as timeout. .Pp .Dl installboot -e -o console=com0 /dev/rwd0a . .Ss NetBSD/macppc Note the .Nm utility is only required for macppc machines with OpenFirmware version 2 to boot. OpenFirmware 3 cannot load bootblocks specified in the Apple partition map. .Pp Install the Berkeley Fast File System primary bootstrap on to disk .Ql wd0 : .Pp .Dl installboot /dev/rwd0c /usr/mdec/bootxx /ofwboot .Pp The secondary .Nx Ns /macppc bootstrap is located in .Pa /usr/mdec/ofwboot . .Pp The primary bootstrap requires the raw .Pa ofwboot for the secondary bootstrap, not .Pa ofwboot.xcf , which is used for the OpenFirmware to load kernels. . .Ss NetBSD/next68k Install the bootstrap on to disk .Ql sd0 : .Pp .Dl installboot /dev/rsd0c /usr/mdec/boot . .Ss NetBSD/pmax Install the Berkeley Fast File System primary bootstrap on to disk .Ql sd0 : .Pp .Dl installboot /dev/rsd0c /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffs .Pp .Nx Ns /pmax requires that this file system starts at block 0 of the disk. .Pp Install the ISO 9660 primary bootstrap in the file .Pa /tmp/cd-image : .Pp .Dl installboot -m pmax /tmp/cd-image /usr/mdec/bootxx_cd9660 .Pp Make an ISO 9660 filesystem in the file .Pa /tmp/cd-image and install the ISO 9660 primary bootstrap in the filesystem, where the source directory for the ISO 9660 filesystem contains a kernel, the primary bootstrap .Pa bootxx_cd9660 and the secondary bootstrap .Pa boot.pmax : .Bd -literal -offset indent mkisofs -o /tmp/cd-image -a -l -v iso-source-dir \&... 48 51 iso-source-dir/bootxx_cd9660 \&... installboot -b $((48 * 4)) /tmp/cd-image /usr/mdec/bootxx_cd9660 .Ed . .Ss NetBSD/sparc Install the Berkeley Fast File System primary bootstrap on to disk .Ql sd0 , with the secondary bootstrap .Pa /boot already present: .Pp .Dl installboot /dev/rsd0c /usr/mdec/bootxx /boot . .Ss NetBSD/sparc64 Install the primary bootstrap on to disk .Ql sd0 : .Pp .Dl installboot /dev/rsd0c /usr/mdec/bootblk .Pp The secondary .Nx Ns /sparc64 bootstrap is located in .Pa /usr/mdec/ofwboot . . .Ss NetBSD/sun2 and NetBSD/sun3 Install the Berkeley Fast File System primary bootstrap on to disk .Ql sd0 , with the secondary bootstrap .Pa /boot already present: .Pp .Dl installboot /dev/rsd0c /usr/mdec/bootxx /boot . .Ss NetBSD/vax Install the Berkeley Fast File System primary bootstrap on to disk .Ql ra0 : .Pp .Dl installboot /dev/rra0c /usr/mdec/raboot .Pp The primary bootstrap works with FFSv1 and FFSv2 file systems. The secondary .Nx Ns /vax bootstrap is located in .Pa /usr/mdec/boot . . .Sh DIAGNOSTIC .Ex -std . .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr uname 3 , .Xr boot 8 , .Xr disklabel 8 , .Xr dumpfs 8 , .Xr fdisk 8 , .Xr gpt 8 , .Xr x86/mbr 8 , .Xr x86/pxeboot 8 . .Sh HISTORY This implementation of .Nm appeared in .Nx 1.6 . . .Sh AUTHORS .An -nosplit The machine independent portion of this implementation of .Nm was written by .An Luke Mewburn . The following people contributed to the various machine dependent back-ends: .An Simon Burge (pmax), .An Chris Demetriou (alpha), .An Matthew Fredette (sun2, sun3), .An Matthew Green (sparc64), .An Ross Harvey (alpha), .An Michael Hitch (amiga), .An Paul Kranenburg (sparc), .An David Laight (i386), .An Christian Limpach (next68k), .An Luke Mewburn (macppc), .An Matt Thomas (vax), .An Izumi Tsutsui (news68k, newsmips), and .An UCHIYAMA Yasushi (ews4800mips). . .Sh BUGS There are not currently primary bootstraps to support all file systems types which are capable of being the root file system. .Pp If a disk has been converted from .Tn FFS to .Tn RAID without the contents of the disk erased, then the original .Tn FFS installation may be auto-detected instead of the .Tn RAID installation. In this case, the .Fl t Ic raid option must be provided. . .Ss NetBSD/alpha The .Nx Ns /alpha primary bootstrap program can only load the secondary bootstrap program from file systems starting at the beginning .Pq block 0 of disks. Similarly, the secondary bootstrap program can only load kernels from file systems starting at the beginning of disks. .Pp The size of primary bootstrap programs is restricted to 7.5KB, even though some file systems .Pq e.g., ISO 9660 are able to accommodate larger ones. . .Ss NetBSD/hp300 The disk must have a boot partition large enough to hold the bootstrap code. Currently the primary bootstrap must be a LIF format file. . .Ss NetBSD/i386 and NetBSD/amd64 The bootstrap must be installed in the .Nx partition that starts at the beginning of the .Tn MBR partition. If that is a valid filesystem and contains the .Pa /boot program then it will be used as the root filesystem, otherwise the .Ql a partition will be booted. .Pp The size of primary bootstrap programs is restricted to 8KB, even though some file systems .Pq e.g., ISO 9660 are able to accommodate larger ones. . .Ss NetBSD/macppc Due to restrictions in .Nm and the secondary bootstrap implementation, file systems where kernels exist must start at the beginning of disks. .Pp Currently, .Nm doesn't recognize an existing Apple partition map on the disk and always writes a faked map to make disks bootable. .Pp The .Nx Ns /macppc bootstrap program can't load kernels from FFSv2 partitions. . .Ss NetBSD/next68k The size of bootstrap programs is restricted to the free space before the file system at the beginning of the disk minus 8KB. . .Ss NetBSD/pmax The .Nx Ns /pmax secondary bootstrap program can only load kernels from file systems starting at the beginning of disks. .Pp The size of primary bootstrap programs is restricted to 7.5KB, even though some file systems .Pq e.g., ISO 9660 are able to accommodate larger ones. . .Ss NetBSD/sun2 and NetBSD/sun3 The .Nx Ns /sun2 and .Nx Ns /sun3 secondary bootstrap program can only load kernels from file systems starting at the beginning of disks. . .Ss NetBSD/vax The .Nx Ns /vax secondary bootstrap program can only load kernels from file systems starting at the beginning of disks. .Pp The size of primary bootstrap programs is restricted to 7.5KB, even though some file systems .Pq e.g., ISO 9660 are able to accommodate larger ones.